Why PFAS chemicals in firefighting foam are under review
Some fire extinguishers work by creating a foam blanket that smothers flames and cools burning material. Historically, these foams have used chemicals known as Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), valued for their oil and water repellence and heat resistance.
However, PFAS chemicals do not break down easily. When released into the environment during fire incidents or training exercises, they can contaminate soil and water sources and persist for decades — posing a long-term risk to both people and ecosystems.
How serious is the problem?
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) estimates that up to 48 tonnes of PFAS chemicals are released annually across Britain through firefighting, training, and runoff water.
Past restrictions and current compliance
Restrictions are already in place for two PFAS substances:
- Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS): Banned in 2009; any firefighting foams containing PFOS should have been withdrawn by 2011.
- Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA): Also restricted, including precursors that degrade into PFOA.
Extinguishers maintained under service contracts should already have been updated or refilled with compliant alternatives.
New UK consultation launched
The HSE, acting as the agency for UK REACH chemical regulation, has launched a public consultation on new proposals to restrict all PFAS chemicals in firefighting foams.
The proposal includes:
- An immediate ban on placing new PFAS-containing foams on the market
- Transition periods for different sectors to switch to fluorine-free alternatives
What alternatives are available?
Fluorine-free foam extinguishers (also labelled F3) are now available and widely used. If you are purchasing or replacing firefighting foam systems, these are worth considering to future-proof your fire safety provision.
Need support managing your foam systems?
If you have questions or need help managing your site’s fire safety and environmental risks, speak to your usual contact or get in touch with our team.
